I know this is an old thread, but I am finding it extremely useful. Since I am using it (and its previous source, Carl's gardening guide), I figured it would be better to have all this information in one place instead of in yet another thread.
I have re-organized the plants alphabetically by season, and added plants from later packs. (Currently going through the cottage living plants.) The herbalism plants from "Outdoor Retreat" are listed in their good/bad pairs, alphabetically by the 'good' plant. I've also added my own notes, because there are so many plants now that it becomes cumbersome to grow every single one, and I like to know which ones I actually need.
Sims 4 Plants by Season
(T) -> Tree, needs its own pot/planter
(V) -> Vertical, can be put in a vertical planter. PLANTS CANNOT BE GRAFTED TO IN VERTICAL PLANTERS, but you can take cuttings from them.
(G) -> Ground, will not grow in a vertical planter but can share a planter box
(OP) -> Plot, Oversize crop, must be grown in an in-ground soil patch.
* -> this is one of the 32 plants used to complete the Gardening Collection
Year Round
(OP) Aubergine -> Used in Canning
(T) Avocado
*(G) Bonsai
(V) Catnip (all types) -> No grafting to catnips allowed!
(V) Chocoberry -> Used in Canning
*(T) Cow Plant Berry -> Must be fed at least once every 12 hours, or it dies. Very time-sensitive! Used in Canning
(T) Emotion Berries
(G) Emotion Mushrooms
(T) Forbidden Fruit
(G) Garlic
(T) Growfruit -> Best fertilizer for other plants
*(T) Lemon -> Used in Potion (Rejuvenation)
(OP) Lettuce -> Used in Canning
(T) Money Tree -> tree and plants grafted with money tree cannot be harvested under "harvest all". "Harvest produce" will make more money fruit, but only from a plant grafted with a money tree cutting.
(OP) Mushroom -> Used in Canning
(T) Plasma Fruit -> Food for Vampires
(OP) Pumpkin -> Used in Canning
*(V) Sage -> Used in Potion (Immortality), Herbalism (Elixir of Fertility, Tummy Therapy)
(T) Sixam Mosquito Trap
*(OP) Trash Fruit -> Must leave trash on the ground for a while to grow a trash plant
(OP) Watermelon -> Used in Canning
(G) Wolfsbane
Spring
(G)* Bird of Paradise
(V)* Bluebell
(G)* Carrot -> Used to make Boy in pregnancy
(T) Coconut
(G) Crocus
(V)* Daisy
Fang Flower (Tentacle Tree)
(G) Fireleaf -> Used in Herbalism (Natural Herbicide Oil, Rage-Relieving Salve)
(G) Poison Fireleaf -> Used in Herbalism (Energizer Infusion, Fireleaf Extract)
(V) Green Peas
(G) Kava Root
(V) Mandrake -> Used in Potion (Curse Cleansing, Immortality, Nausea, Perk Purging)
(G) Morel Mushroom -> Used in Herbalism (Fireleaf Extract, Fungal Infusion Fertilizer)
(G) False Morel Mushroom -> Used in Herbalism (Elixir of Fertility, Fungal Infusion Fertiliser)
(G)* Mushroom -> Used in Canning
(G)* Orchid -> Used for Death Flower
(V)* Parsley -> Used in Potion (Nimble Mind), Herbalism (Clear Mind Distillation, Deodorizing Cream)
(G) Pineapple
(V)* Rose -> Used in Potion (Transcendent Charmer)
(G)* Snapdragon -> Used for Death Flower
(V)* Strawberry -> Used to make Girl in pregnancy, used in Herbalism (Deodorizing Cream), Canning
(G) Taro Root
(G)* Tulip
(V) Valerian -> Used in Potion (Alluring Aura, Good Fortune, Perk Purging, Rejuvenation)
Summer
(V)* Basil -> Used in Herbalism (Insect Repellent Liniment)
(V) Begonias
(V) Bell Pepper
(G)* Bird of Paradise
(V)* Blackberry -> Used in Herbalism (Fungal Infusion Fertiliser), Canning
(V) Black Beans
(V) Blueberry -> Used in Canning
(V)* Bluebell
(G) Chamomile -> Used in Herbalism (De-Stressing Decoction, Soothing Skin Balm)
(G) Toxic Chamomile -> Used in Herbalism (Clear Mind Distillation, Natural Herbicide Oil)
(T)* Cherry -> Used for Death Flower, Potion (Alluring Aura)
(V)* Chrysanthemum
(T) Coconut
(V) Elderberry -> Used in Herbalism (Deodorizing Cream, Sadness Alleviation Lotion)
(V) Noxious Elderberry -> Used in Herbalism (Insect Repellant Liniment, Rage-Relieving Salve)
(G) Fireleaf -> Used in Herbalism (Natural Herbicide Oil, Rage-Relieving Salve)
(G) Poison Fireleaf -> Used in Herbalism (Energizer Infusion, Fireleaf Extract)
(V) Green Beans
(V) Huckleberry -> Used in Herbalism (Clear Mind Distillation, Tummy Therapy)
(V) Muckleberry -> Used in Herbalism (De-Stressing Decoction, Energizer Infusion)
(G) Kava Root
(G)* Lily -> Used for Death Fower
(G) Morel Mushroom -> Used in Herbalism (Fireleaf Extract, Fungal Infusion Fertilizer)
(G) False Morel Mushroom -> Used in Herbalism (Elixir of Fertility, Fungal Infusion Fertiliser)
(V)* Parsley -> Used in Potion (Nimble Mind), Herbalism (Clear Mind Distillation, Deodorizing Cream)
(G) Pineapple
(T)* Plantain
(G) Quill Fruit
(V) Soy Beans
(G) Taro Root
(V)* Tomato -> Used in Herbalism (Rage-Relieving Salve), Canning
Fall
(T)* Apple -> Used for Death Flower, Potion (Curse Cleansing, Plentiful Needs), Canning
(V)* Basil -> Used in Herbalism (Insect Repellent Liniment, Soothing Skin Balm)
(V) Begonias
(V) Black Beans
(G)* Carrot -> Used to make Boy in pregnancy
(V)* Chrysanthemum
(V) Dahlia
(G)* DragonFruit -> Used in Potion (Masterful Insults)
(V) Elderberry -> Used in Herbalism (Deodorizing Cream, Sadness Alleviation Lotion)
(V) Noxious Elderberry -> Used in Herbalism (Insect Repellant Liniment, Rage-Relieving Salve)
(V)* Grapes
(V) Green Beans
(V) Holly
(V) Huckleberry -> Used in Herbalism (Clear Mind Distillation, Tummy Therapy)
(V) Muckleberry -> Used in Herbalism (De-Stressing Decoction, Energizer Infusion)
(V) Mandrake -> Used in Potion (Curse Cleansing, Immortality, Nausea, Perk Purging)
(G)* Mushroom -> Used in Canning
(G)* Onion
(T)* Pear
(V) Raspberry -> Used in Canning
(V)* Rose -> Used in Potion (Transcendent Charmer)
(G)* Snapdragon -> Used for Death Flower
(V) Soy Beans -> Used in Canning
U.F.O.
(V) Valerian -> Used in Potion (Alluring Aura, Good Fortune, Perk Purging, Rejuvenation)
Winter (Note that you cannot plant anything outdoors in winter, as the ground is "too frozen to plant". So it has to be planted before the season changes.)
(V) Christmas Rose
(G) Crocus
(G)* Death Flower -> Used to revive from Death, Used in Potion (Prompt Resurrection)
(G) Glow Orb
(V) Holly
(G)* Onion
(G)* Orchid -> Used for Death Flower
(T)* Pomegranate -> Used for Death Flower
(G)* Potato -> Used in Potion (Emotional Stability, Forced Friendship)
(T)* Pear
(V)* Spinach
(G) Snowdrop
[Edited for more detail 2022/Apr/04]
[Added Cottage Living Plants 2022/Apr/05]