I've had it happen in the Rock Music career (in SV, but not in Bridgeport). Medical career also has a couple shifts that go overnight but I don't remember whether I had a problem with those.
My theory is: There's a lot of processing that the game seems to do at game-midnight. It looks like one of the things it does is set up your work schedule for that game day. If you then get promoted, that setup no longer applies, and it should redo your work schedule, but it doesn't, or at least not completely. So it ends up in a glitchy state where it thinks both that you're supposed to be at work and that you're not supposed to be at work.
One thing I've found is that if you have to go in, but your performance meter doesn't rise, there might still be some work tones that will benefit you so the time's not totally wasted - "socialize with coworkers", whatever it's called, will generally improve relationships, and in the Criminal career, "Practice illicit activities" will still raise your athletics skill.