Besides the default clubs you've listed, five more have popped up in my current game:
Page TurnersRequirement: Open Invitation
Club hangout: Any library
Club activities: Read
Description: Read any good books lately? We have! And we're more than happy to tell you about the characters (and characterization), plot twists, story structure, and symbols that we've analyzed.
Punch LinesRequirement: Open Invitation
Club hangout: Any lounge
Club activities: Perform comedy
Description: Comedy's not all fun and jokes - well, it is, but it's hard work, too. If you need a friendly audience to try out your one-liners and ad-libbing, the Punch Lines are happy to laugh with you, not at you.
Guild of GamersRequirement: Open invitation
Club hangout: Any club member's house
Club activities: Play video games
Description: Whether you're a Sims Forever fan or a BlicBlock enthusiast, you're in! Gamers of all stripes, colors, and pixel resolutions welcome.
Complementary ColorsRequirements: Open invitation
Club hangout: Any museum
Club activities: Paint, View Art
Description: If you're a blue, we've got your yellow. If you're a red, we've got your cyan. We don't all get along - in fact, we often clash - but together we create the strongest contrast possible.
Mixing CrewRequirements: Skills at Level 2+: Mixology
Club hangout: Any club member's house
Club activities: Drink bar drinks, mix bar drinks
Description: If you love to talk about the right angle to shake a Simsmapolitan, or the right proportion of juices to use in a Sunset Valley, then the Mixing Crew is for you!
Just for the HalibutRequirements: Open Invitation; Skills at Level 2+: Fishing
Club hangout: Any park
Club activities: Fish
Description: Don't play koi! You cod never find a betta crew! So drag your bass on over, grab yourself a perch, and get to fishin'!
Major ChordsRequirements: Open invitation
Club hangout: Any club member's home
Club activities: Listen to music, Play a musical instrument
Description: Major 'cause we're important. Chords 'cause we sound good together. Don't you want to sound together with us?
Private ClubRequirements: Financial Status: Wealthy: More than $30,000.
Club hangout: Any club member's house
Club activities: (No default club activities)
Description: Tired of getting judged by those of lesser means whenever you talk about adding a new wing to your house, the latest vacation you took, or company you just bought? Perhaps what you need is just to association with a different class of people. A better class of people? You might say that.
Covalent BondsRequirements: Open invitation; Skills at level 2+: Logic
Club hangout: Any club member's house
Club activities: Fix Objects, Use the Telescope, Use Rocket, Use the Microscope
Description: Not intimidated by rocket science? Think you could solve the unsolvable Hetu Hypothesis if only you had enough moral support? Want to share electron pairs to create a stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces? Join the Covalent Bonds!
Club CosplayRequirements: Open invitation
Club hangout: Any park
Club activities:
Description: Love dressing up like your favorite fictional character? Not afraid of other people dressed in costumes? Club Cosplay is for YOU!
Society of SixamRequirements: Alien trait
Club hangout: Any club member's house
Club activities: ?
Description: Whether you were born on the homeworld or you’re more of the newfangled hybrid type, this club is for you. Come share your experiences of trying to maintain a secret disguise in a world where not everyone enjoys having their memory erased.
Bearly Associated Requirements: Open invitation
Club hangout: Any park
Club activities: (No default activities)
Description: Looking for a fancy shmancy club? This club’s not for you. This is a bear-bones club for those who really like to strip down to their bear essentials and revel in the unbearable lightness of being bearly there. And roar at people. Also honey. Definitely honey.
Apparently, there are several more default clubs (6 according to MarianT) but they haven't shown up in my current game (yet).
Edit: Added "Complementary Colors" and "Mixing Crew" info.
The household of 8 sims runs 6 clubs (2 original and 4 default takeovers). I deleted the Paragons and turned the Renegades into another kind of club.
Edit 2: Added "Just for the Halibut."
@MarianT The ID family created two clubs, took over seven clubs, disbanded one, and lost another. Only two spaces available to display clubs now that aren't owned by the household. But the clubs displayed in the remaining two spaces change. Seems to depend on the club membership of the townies my household meets. I wonder if that means the Sixam club would show up if the fam visited Sixam and met members of that club? Hmmmm.... (Edit: Went to Sixam but none of the aliens we met there belong to the aliens club)
Edit 3 (March 11, 2017): Added "Club Cosplay," "Society of Sixam," and "Bearly Associated."